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alum used in dying
Alum (hydrous aluminum oxide), a Mordant
Alum, also called hydrous aluminum oxide, is a common mordant used for dying fabrics. It was widely used in the medieval era. The carbon 14 samples contained alizarin dye; a dye that is extracted from Madder root. Some of the dye was combined with alum. The carbon 14 samples, which also contain cotton fibers and spliced threads apparently dyed to match age-yellowed older thread, was distinctly different from the rest of the cloth. It is important to note that alum, dye, spliced threads and cotton fibers threads are not found anywhere else on the Shroud. As chemist Raymond Rogers wrote in the peer-reviewed, scientific journal Thermochimica Acta, The combined evidence from chemical kinetics, analytical chemistry, cotton content, and pyrolysis/ms proves that the material from the radiocarbon area of the shroud is significantly different from that of the main cloth. The radiocarbon sample was thus not part of the original cloth and is invalid for determining the age of the shroud." "
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