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herringbone twill pattern
The herringbone twill pattern of the shroud
Herringbone is one of several different twill patterns. By varying the number of warp threads passed over or under (for instance over one, under two, and so forth), and varying the starting point, different patterns of cloth can be created. Such patterns are called twill. Examples of twill include gabardine, tweed, serge and herringbone. The Shroud of Turin is a 3 over 1 herringbone pattern. Weft is the term for the yarn which is passed over and under the warp yarn. A device called a shuttle is usually used to move the weft yarn over and under the warp yarn. In the ancient production of linen on vertical hand looms, warp yarns (threads) were the up and down threads on the loom. They were often lubricated with crude starch to make it easier to weave the weft threads over and under the warp threads. Yarn is the preferred term for thread used in weaving, although the word thread is perfectly acceptable. Yarn is formed by spinning or twisting together fibers (fibres) from plants, animals or in the modern era, extruded or chemically produced materials. The herringbone pattern can be seen in the Hungarian Pray Manuscript drawn about 1192. Hungarian Pray Manuscript Animal Fibers (fibres) include silk, sinew and wool. Plant fibers include cotton, hemp and flax (L. usitatissimum). The yarn used in the Shroud of Turin is made from flax. The thickness of the flax fibers varies significantly but the average is about 13 micrometers or roughly one-eighth the thickness of typical human hair. The Shrouds yarn (thread) consists of approximately 70 to 120 flax fibers hand spun together in a Z-twist (clockwise). Counterclockwise spinning is referred to as an S-twist. "
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